Crypto tax in Australia: the complete guide for 2026

2026 Budget update: how the CGT changes affect crypto investors

The 2026 to 2027 Federal Budget, delivered by Treasurer Jim Chalmers on 12 May 2026, announced the removal of the 50 percent CGT discount under Division 115 of the ITAA 1997 for individuals and trusts (partners included), for gains accruing from 1 July 2027. It is now law: the Treasury Laws Amendment (Tax Reform No. 1) Act 2026 (Act No. 49 of 2026) received Royal Assent on 26 June 2026. For Australian crypto investors who have relied on the discount to halve the tax on long-held positions, this is the most material tax change in over two decades.

What is changing

From 1 July 2027, the 50 percent discount is replaced by two mechanisms operating together:

• Cost base indexation. Your cost base is uplifted in line with inflation (CPI), once you have held the asset for 12 months. For crypto you already hold at 1 July 2027, indexation runs only from the September 2027 quarter. Only the real, above-inflation portion of the gain is then taxed.
• A 30 percent minimum tax on gains accruing after 1 July 2027: a top-up so the tax on those gains is at least 30 percent (before offsets, excluding Medicare), whatever the holding period. You are exempt in any year you receive a payment on a closed statutory list that includes the Age Pension, JobSeeker, Family Tax Benefit and Parental Leave Pay.

For a crypto investor in the 30 percent marginal bracket (AUD 45,001 to AUD 135,000), the effective rate on a CGT-discount-eligible gain doubles from 15 percent (30 percent of half the gain) to 30 percent of the indexation-adjusted gain. At that bracket the minimum and the marginal rate are the same number, so the entire increase comes from losing the discount, softened only by indexation. For an investor in the 45 percent bracket, the effective rate rises from 22.5 percent to 45 percent of the indexed gain (the marginal rate overrides the 30 percent minimum where higher). The minimum bites hardest below AUD 45,000 of taxable income, where a discount-eligible gain currently attracts an effective rate of 8 percent or less and moves to 30 percent of the indexed gain.

The CGT discount continues to apply to gains arising before 1 July 2027. Crypto you still hold at 30 June 2027 is deemed sold and reacquired at market value just before 1 July 2027. The gain to that point is not taxed in 2026-27: it is deferred to the year you actually sell or swap the coin, keeps the 50 percent discount where eligible, and is not subject to the minimum. Growth after 1 July 2027 uses indexation plus the 30 percent minimum. Market value is the default. The alternative apportioning method, set by a ministerial instrument still in draft, only covers real property and assets without a readily ascertainable market value, so liquid crypto very likely has to use market value.

A worked BTC example across the transition

Consider an Australian investor who purchased 1 BTC for AUD 30,000 in January 2024 and sells it for AUD 100,000 in March 2028. Holding period exceeds 12 months. Marginal rate 37 percent.

Under the old rules applied to the whole gain: gain is AUD 70,000. The 50 percent CGT discount applies. Taxable gain is AUD 35,000. Tax owed at 37 percent: AUD 12,950.

Under the enacted rules (sold March 2028, so the whole disposal lands in the 2027-28 return):

• Deferred pre-2027 gain: the deemed sale uses BTC's market value just before 1 July 2027 (assume AUD 75,000 for illustration). Gain: AUD 45,000. It is not taxed in 2026-27; it is taxed in 2027-28 when the BTC is actually sold, with the 50 percent CGT discount and no minimum. Taxable: AUD 22,500. Tax at 37 percent: AUD 8,325.
• Post-2027 gain (1 July 2027 to disposal in March 2028): cost base is the AUD 75,000 value. Sale price AUD 100,000. Raw gain AUD 25,000. Indexation runs from the September 2027 quarter to the March 2028 quarter, two quarters (assume 3 percent annual CPI, so roughly 1.5 percent): cost base uplifted to AUD 76,117. Indexed gain: AUD 23,883. Tax at 37 percent marginal (above the 30 percent minimum): AUD 8,837.

Total tax under the new rules: AUD 17,162. Total tax if the old rules applied to the whole gain: AUD 12,950. The AUD 4,212 difference comes entirely from the AUD 25,000 of growth after 1 July 2027; the deferred gain is taxed exactly as it would have been. Selling before 1 July 2027 would not have avoided that cost unless you also gave up the later growth. Actual numbers depend on inflation, BTC's market value at the transition, and your marginal rate. The CGT comparison calculator runs this example by default.

EOFY 2027 is the planning window

2026-27 is the last financial year before the new rules start. Under the enacted law you do not need to sell crypto before 30 June 2027 to keep the 50 percent discount on gains to that date: the deferred gain keeps it, where eligible, whenever you eventually sell. What neither holding nor selling and buying back avoids is the new treatment of growth after 1 July 2027.

Selling before 30 June 2027 can still make sense if you planned to sell soon anyway, if 2026-27 is a low-income year for you, if you have capital losses to use, or if you bought within the 12 months before 30 June 2027 (whether the deferred gain on those coins gets the discount is not yet settled). Active traders should also note that every swap after 1 July 2027 brings the swapped coin's deferred gain to account, so a long-held bag rotated into ETH in 2027-28 realises its whole pre-2027 gain that year.

This is a personal-circumstances decision that depends on expected future appreciation, current marginal rate, anticipated marginal rate in future years, and the cost of forgone compounding versus the tax saved. The analysis is genuinely fact-specific. Speak to a registered tax agent before crystallising significant gains.

What is not changing

• Investor versus trader classification under TR 97/11 is unchanged. Traders treated as carrying on a business remain on ordinary-income treatment with no CGT discount available historically and no change post-transition.
• Personal use asset rules are unchanged: the test is the crypto's main use at the time of disposal, with an AUD 10,000 cost cap.
• Staking rewards and DeFi yield remain ordinary income on receipt at fair market value (AUD).
• Pre-CGT assets (acquired before 20 September 1985) remain exempt from CGT for gains accrued before 1 July 2027. Crypto is post-CGT in every realistic case.
• Complying superannuation funds are outside the reform and keep their one-third discount (confirmed in the explanatory memorandum), preserving the SMSF crypto holding strategy detailed in the SMSF section below.
• Capital losses still only offset capital gains, but the order changed: from 2027-28, losses reduce deferred pre-2027 gains first, then post-2027 gains, before any discount.
• The four small business CGT concessions for businesses meeting the small business turnover threshold remain in place.
• Main residence exemption is unaffected.

Trader classification is now even more consequential

For Australian crypto investors close to the trader-classification threshold under TR 97/11 indicia, the 2026 budget changes shift the calculus. Under the existing rules, an investor who could plausibly be classified as a trader had a real choice: trader status meant ordinary income but full loss deductibility; investor status meant CGT with the 50 percent discount.

From 1 July 2027, the trader-versus-investor choice becomes less consequential on the upside (no 50 percent discount either way) but still asymmetric on the downside (capital losses under investor status can only offset capital gains; trading losses under trader status offset ordinary income). The net effect tilts the calculation marginally toward trader classification for active participants, provided the TR 97/11 indicia are genuinely satisfied. The classification is a fact-based ATO determination, not a taxpayer election, and requires regularity, system, scale, capital deployed, time spent, and demonstrated profit intent.

The full investor-versus-trader framework is covered in the "Investor vs trader classification" section below.

What is still being finalised

The core law passed on 26 June 2026. There is no crypto-specific rule in it: each crypto-to-crypto swap after 1 July 2027 is a CGT event like any other and brings the deferred pre-2027 gain on the coin you swapped away to account. Items crypto investors should still watch:

• ATO guidance on evidencing market value just before 1 July 2027 (the ATO has not yet ruled on transitional valuation)
• The final apportioning method instrument (draft released 4 August 2026), which as drafted covers only real property and assets without a readily ascertainable market value
• The ATO's draft determination TD 2026/D2 (19 August 2026) on wrapping and unwrapping, and draft ruling TR 2026/D1 on airdrops, with comments closing 16 October 2026

The dedicated 2026 Budget CGT Changes pillar covers the law and provides worked examples across multiple investor profiles (shares, property, crypto, trading). This section reflects the Act as passed and the draft instruments released since.

How crypto is taxed in Australia

The ATO's default treatment of cryptocurrency is that it is a capital gains tax asset, similar to shares or investment property. When you dispose of it at a profit, the gain is added to your assessable income for the year and taxed at your marginal rate. When you dispose of it at a loss, you generate a capital loss that can be carried forward or used to offset other capital gains in the same year.

This default treatment applies to most retail Australian crypto holders. There are two exceptions worth knowing about upfront. First, if you are classified as a "trader" rather than an "investor" (more on that below), profits are taxed as ordinary business income, not as capital gains, which means no 50 percent discount but full deductibility of losses. Second, very small holdings used for personal purchases may qualify for the personal use asset exemption (discussed in its own section).

Your marginal tax rate determines how much you pay

Crypto capital gains are added to your other income for the year (salary, dividends, rental income, etc.) and taxed at the marginal rate that applies to that combined total. The 2025-26 resident marginal rates are:

Rates shown are for resident individuals for the 2025-26 year. Medicare levy is generally 2 percent, with a surcharge for high-income earners without private hospital cover. Non-residents are taxed at different rates with no tax-free threshold. Check ATO.gov.au for current tax tables when filing.

What counts as a CGT event for crypto

A CGT event is triggered whenever you "dispose" of a crypto asset. The ATO's definition of disposal is broader than most retail investors assume, and this is where most crypto tax trouble starts.

Every one of these is a CGT event

Selling crypto for AUD. Obvious one. The gain or loss is the difference between your cost base (what you originally paid) and the AUD proceeds (what you received).

Swapping one crypto for another. BTC for ETH is a CGT disposal of the BTC at its AUD market value at the moment of the swap, and a separate acquisition of ETH at that same AUD value. This includes swaps into stablecoins like USDT or USDC.

Spending crypto on goods or services. Using BTC to buy a laptop is a CGT disposal of the BTC at its AUD value at the moment of purchase.

Gifting crypto. The CGT event is triggered at the giver's end. The recipient acquires the asset at its market value at the time of the gift.

Paying fees in crypto. Gas fees paid in ETH on an Ethereum transaction are themselves a small disposal of ETH. For individual transactions this is negligible, but over a year of active DeFi activity it aggregates.

Not CGT events

Buying crypto with AUD is an acquisition, not a disposal, so no CGT event. Moving crypto between your own wallets (for example, from a Swyftx account to your Ledger) is not a disposal as long as you retain beneficial ownership throughout.

Investor vs trader: which classification applies to you

This classification makes a bigger difference to your tax position than any other single factor, and most retail holders don't realise it exists until an accountant raises it.

Investor (the default for most people)

An investor holds crypto with the intention of capital appreciation over time. Profits are capital gains. Losses are capital losses that can only offset other capital gains (not ordinary income). The 50 percent CGT discount is available on assets held over 12 months. Most retail holders who buy coins, keep them for months or years, and occasionally rebalance, are investors.

Trader (a business of trading crypto)

A trader is carrying on a business of buying and selling crypto with the intention of making profits from short-term price movements. Profits are ordinary business income taxed at marginal rate. No 50 percent CGT discount. Losses can offset any type of assessable income, not just capital gains. GST may apply to certain transactions.

Which one applies to you

The ATO considers several factors: the volume and frequency of transactions, the intent behind holding, the time and research invested, whether the activity has a business-like character (dedicated setup, bookkeeping, profit orientation), and how you would describe the activity yourself. There is no bright line test. A part-time holder with a day job who makes 10 trades a year is clearly an investor. A full-time algorithmic trader running hundreds of trades daily is clearly a trader. Many retail participants sit in a grey zone.

The classification has significant consequences and cannot be changed at will. If you think there is a question about which category applies to you, this is the conversation to have with a registered tax agent before filing, not after.

The 50 percent CGT discount explained

The single most valuable rule in Australian crypto tax. If you hold a crypto asset for more than 12 months before disposing of it, and you are an individual or a trust, only 50 percent of the capital gain is assessable.

A simple example. You buy 1 BTC in January 2024 for AUD 60,000. You sell it in March 2026 for AUD 150,000. The capital gain is AUD 90,000. Because you held for over 12 months, only AUD 45,000 is added to your assessable income. If your marginal rate is 37 percent, the tax on this position is AUD 16,650, versus AUD 33,300 without the discount. The discount literally halves your tax bill on long-term gains.

For gains accruing from 1 July 2027 the discount is replaced by indexation plus a 30 percent minimum tax; the gain to 30 June 2027 keeps it (see the 2026 Budget update above).

Rules to know. The 12-month clock starts the day after you acquire the asset and ends the day before disposal (not inclusive on both ends). Swapping a coin for another coin resets the clock for the new coin. The discount is not available to companies (SMSF rules apply a different, smaller discount; see the SMSF section). If you are a trader rather than an investor, the discount does not apply regardless of hold period.

The personal use asset exemption

A narrow but genuine exemption that applies when crypto is used to buy personal goods or services soon after acquisition. The ATO's personal use asset rule means that capital gains or losses are disregarded if the crypto was a personal use asset and the acquisition cost was AUD 10,000 or less.

The catch is the definition of "personal use." The ATO looks at the main use of the crypto at the time you dispose of it. Why you acquired it is relevant but not decisive, and the ATO's view is that most people hold crypto as an investment. If you bought BTC as an investment and then later used some of it to pay for a flight, that was an investment that you later disposed of, not a personal use asset. If you bought BTC specifically because a merchant you wanted to pay accepted it, and you used it within a short window for that purchase, it may qualify.

The longer the gap between acquisition and use, the harder it is to argue personal use. For most Australian crypto holders, this exemption does not apply to their holdings. The framing as "investment" disqualifies the personal use claim.

Staking and lending income

Deep dive: see the dedicated crypto staking tax pillar for the full ATO position, the proof-of-stake vs DeFi vs liquid staking treatment, exchange-staking products covered (CoinSpot Earn, Binance Earn, Independent Reserve), SMSF treatment, and a 100 ETH worked example.

Staking rewards are ordinary assessable income at the fair market AUD value at the time you receive them. This applies whether the rewards arrive from proof-of-stake validators (ETH staking, SOL staking), liquidity pool rewards, lending interest on Aave or Compound, or centralised exchange "earn" products.

The tax has two stages. Stage one: when you receive the reward, you add the AUD market value to your assessable income for that year, even if you have not sold the reward. Stage two: when you later dispose of the staked crypto, a separate CGT event applies based on the difference between the AUD value when received (your cost base) and the AUD value at disposal.

A worked example. You stake 10 ETH. Over the year you receive 0.3 ETH in staking rewards, spread across 365 daily distributions. At the time of each distribution, the ETH price in AUD is recorded. The total AUD value of rewards received during the year (let's say AUD 1,500) is added to your ordinary income for that year. When you later sell the 0.3 ETH in the following year for AUD 1,800, the extra AUD 300 is a capital gain on top. Most crypto tax software handles this automatically; manual calculation is impractical at scale.

DeFi tax rules

Deep dive: see the dedicated DeFi tax pillar for the full ATO position on liquidity pools, lending protocols, yield farming, wrapping, bridging, impermanent loss, and the gas-fees-as-disposals problem with a 13-event worked example.

The ATO released specific DeFi guidance in 2023 confirming that most DeFi interactions trigger CGT events. The detail is dense but the principles are clear.

Lending and providing liquidity. Depositing crypto into a lending protocol or liquidity pool is treated as a CGT disposal of the deposited crypto, triggered at the moment of deposit. The LP tokens or interest-bearing tokens you receive in return have an acquisition cost equal to that disposal value.

Claiming rewards. Yield farming rewards and interest received in a new token are ordinary income at market value on receipt. The same two-stage treatment as staking applies when you subsequently dispose of the rewards.

Wrapping. The ATO's draft determination TD 2026/D2, released on 19 August 2026, treats both wrapping (for example BTC to wBTC or ETH to wETH) and unwrapping as CGT events, even where the wrapped token is pegged one-to-one. It is still a draft, so check the final version before you lodge, but plan on every wrap and unwrap being a disposal.

Bridging. Bridging a token from one chain to another (for example, ETH from mainnet to Arbitrum) may be treated as a disposal depending on bridge mechanics. Conservative treatment assumes CGT disposal at the bridge point.

DeFi tax is the single hardest area of Australian crypto tax to get right manually. Specialist crypto tax software (particularly Summ, Syla and Koinly) automates most of this. If you have significant DeFi activity, using tax software is not optional.

NFT tax treatment

Deep dive: see the dedicated NFT tax pillar for the collector-vs-creator distinction, minting tax, royalties, the gas-fee CGT trap, the personal use exemption (rarely applies), and a 12-month NFT-trader worked example.

NFTs are CGT assets. The normal capital gains rules apply: cost base, proceeds, 12-month discount, and so on. Several NFT-specific wrinkles are worth knowing:

Gas fees are CGT events. Minting an NFT or bidding for one on OpenSea involves paying gas in ETH. Each gas payment is a separate (usually small) disposal of ETH at its AUD market value at the moment of the transaction.

Royalties to creators. If you are an NFT creator receiving royalties on secondary sales, those royalties are ordinary business income.

Trader classification risk. Flipping NFTs frequently can push you into "trader" classification, which loses the 50 percent discount but makes losses more flexible. Typical retail NFT collectors with a handful of mints or purchases over a year remain investors.

Crypto in a self-managed super fund

SMSFs can legally hold cryptocurrency in Australia, and the tax treatment is meaningfully more favourable than personal holdings, but the compliance burden is much higher.

SMSF tax rates on crypto

A complying SMSF pays 15 percent on ordinary income (including staking and short-term capital gains). Capital gains on assets held for over 12 months receive a one-third discount, bringing the effective rate to 10 percent. Compare that to a personal marginal rate of up to 47 percent including Medicare.

For dollar-by-dollar modelling of an SMSF crypto disposal versus the personal-tax equivalent, use the free SMSF Crypto CGT Calculator. It applies the 15 percent / 10 percent / 0 percent rates correctly across accumulation and pension phases and surfaces the saving versus holding the same asset personally.

Compliance obligations

Crypto must be held in the name of the SMSF, not the trustee personally. The fund's investment strategy must specifically authorise crypto investment. Independent annual audit is mandatory (and most SMSF auditors have limited crypto experience, so factor that into accountant selection). Mark-to-market valuation at each 30 June. Compliance with the sole purpose test: the crypto is held to provide retirement benefits, not for present-day enjoyment.

Recommended exchanges for SMSF

Independent Reserve is the most mature SMSF crypto exchange in Australia with dedicated SMSF onboarding and compliant audit-ready transaction statements. CoinSpot also supports SMSF accounts. The operational details differ. Talk to your SMSF accountant before opening accounts.

Crypto mining tax

Deep dive: see the dedicated crypto mining tax pillar for the hobby-vs-business factors, deductible expenses, hardware depreciation, electricity apportionment, GST registration thresholds, and pool-vs-solo treatment.

Mining tax treatment depends on whether you mine as a hobby or as a business. Hobby miners (low equipment investment, sporadic mining, no profit-oriented setup) are taxed with the proceeds of each coin as ordinary income at AUD market value on receipt. Business miners (dedicated mining operations with commercial setup) report mining revenue as business income and can deduct operating expenses (electricity, equipment depreciation, cooling, internet).

Australian retail crypto mining has declined as proof-of-stake has replaced proof-of-work for most major chains. For the remaining active Bitcoin or Kaspa miners, specialist accountant guidance is essential. Electricity and equipment deduction rules have changed multiple times in recent years.

Claiming crypto capital losses

Capital losses on crypto can offset capital gains in the same financial year or be carried forward indefinitely to offset future gains. This is the mechanism behind tax-loss harvesting: realising losses on one crypto to offset gains on another.

Two important rules. First, capital losses can only offset capital gains, not ordinary income (unless you are classified as a trader). From 2027-28 they must also be applied in a set order: deferred pre-2027 gains first, then post-2027 gains, before any discount. Second, the ATO does not allow "wash sales": selling an asset at a loss and immediately repurchasing the same asset. Both the economic substance of the transaction and the tax purpose matter. A sale followed by repurchase 30 days later with no material price movement in between is likely to be disallowed.

The practical approach for legitimate loss harvesting: identify loss-making positions before 30 June, sell them, document the commercial reason for the disposal (reallocation, strategy change), and either hold cash or enter a different but correlated asset afterwards. Do not repurchase the identical asset within a short window.

Losses from exchange collapses (Celsius, FTX, etc.) are treated as capital losses at the point the crypto is deemed lost or the claim becomes worthless. Timing can be complex. If the bankruptcy is still ongoing and distributions may occur, the loss may not yet be crystallised. Take accountant guidance.

How the ATO tracks your crypto

The ATO's visibility into Australian crypto activity is extensive. Every AUSTRAC-registered crypto exchange in Australia provides transaction and customer data to the ATO under the crypto asset data-matching program. The ATO's data-matching protocol covers the 2014-15 to 2025-26 income years and says it expects to receive data on 700,000 to 1.2 million individuals and entities each year.

What the ATO can see. Your name, date of birth, tax file number (if provided to the exchange), linked bank accounts, every deposit, every withdrawal, every trade, every crypto-to-crypto swap, wallet addresses associated with the exchange account, staking and earn product activity.

What the ATO cannot automatically see. Pure on-chain activity between self-custody wallets that never touches a registered Australian exchange. This does not mean such activity is invisible (blockchain analytics firms can trace wallets), but it requires more effort than the automatic exchange data match.

The implication is straightforward. If you have used an Australian crypto exchange, the ATO has visibility into your activity. File accurate returns. If you have under-reported historical crypto activity, speak to a specialist crypto tax accountant about voluntary disclosure. Penalties for voluntary disclosure before an audit are materially lower than penalties after an ATO audit finds the unreported activity.

Record-keeping requirements

The ATO requires you to keep records for 5 years from the latest of when the record was made, when the transaction was completed, or the income year in which the CGT event happened. For crypto the specific records required are:

Date of every transaction. Acquisition, disposal, staking reward receipt, DeFi interaction, all of them.

AUD value at the time of each transaction. Not the USD value, not the value today. The AUD value at the moment of the transaction.

Purpose of each transaction. Why you made the trade, in enough detail that a future audit can reconstruct your intent.

Counterparty details. The exchange name, the wallet address, or the other party's details if transacting directly.

Most crypto tax software generates these records automatically from exchange CSV exports and wallet addresses. Manual record-keeping is feasible for a small number of transactions but becomes impossible at scale.

Crypto tax software compared

Three software tools dominate the Australian crypto tax market. All three generate ATO-compliant reports. The differences are in pricing, DeFi coverage depth, and Australian-specific feature support.

Quick recommendation. Summ (rebranded from CryptoTaxCalculator in October 2025) is the best overall choice for Australian users: 3,500+ integrations, 1,500+ DeFi protocols, Sydney development team, and 20% off auto-applied via the referral link. Syla is the strongest second choice for users who weight pure ATO-specific reporting and the lowest entry price (AUD 53 effective with the 10% referral discount). Koinly remains the entry-tier price leader (AUD 64) for casual users who want broad accountant brand familiarity but is the narrowest of the three on DeFi coverage and the only one not Australian-built.

Deciding between two specific tools? The dedicated head-to-heads model pricing at multiple transaction tiers and walk the feature gaps in detail: Koinly vs Summ, Koinly vs Syla, and Summ vs Syla.

Seven legal ways to reduce your crypto tax

None of these are tax evasion. All are documented ATO-accepted treatments. Applied together they can meaningfully reduce your tax bill on legitimate gains.

1. Hold for over 12 months. The single most valuable rule. Individuals and trusts qualify for the 50 percent CGT discount on assets held more than 12 months, literally halving the tax rate on those gains. Gains accruing from 1 July 2027 lose the discount, but the gain to 30 June 2027 keeps it.

2. Realise losses to offset gains. Before 30 June each year, review your portfolio for positions sitting at a loss. Selling them before year-end generates capital losses that offset capital gains in the same year. Avoid wash sales. Do not buy back the same asset within a short window.

3. Use the personal use exemption where genuinely applicable. A narrow exemption, but legitimate for small crypto amounts acquired with the intent to spend. Do not stretch this to investment holdings.

4. Invest via SMSF. A complying SMSF taxes short-term gains at 15 percent and long-term gains at 10 percent, vs personal marginal rates up to 47 percent including Medicare. High compliance burden, but a material rate difference on significant holdings.

5. Donate crypto to a DGR charity. Donations of crypto to a Deductible Gift Recipient charity can be deductible, which reduces your taxable income. The donation is itself a CGT event: you dispose of the crypto, so any gain or loss on it is realised. The exceptions are testamentary gifts, gifts under the Cultural Gifts Program, and personal use assets.

6. Pick the right cost basis method. If your records show which specific units you disposed of, you can match the sale to those units' cost bases. For portfolios with mixed cost bases, specific identification can produce materially lower tax bills by selecting higher-cost units for disposal. Confirm the method with your tax agent and apply it consistently.

7. Claim allowable expenses. Trading tools, tax software subscriptions, and (for traders) educational expenses can be deductible. Document everything; the deduction threshold requires genuine business/investment connection.

Frequently asked questions